Which treaty established coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims in Madina?

The Constitution of Madina established coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims in the city of Madina. This foundational document was created by the Prophet Muhammad upon his migration to Madina in 622 CE. It served to unite the diverse tribes and communities within the city, including both Muslim converts and the Jewish tribes, by outlining a framework for governance, mutual rights, and responsibilities.

The Constitution of Madina was revolutionary for its time, as it recognized the rights of various religious groups and emphasized cooperation and mutual respect. It delineated the roles of Muslims and non-Muslims, ensuring that all community members could live peacefully together while maintaining their distinct religious identities. This treaty not only fostered social harmony but also laid the groundwork for the establishment of an Islamic state that operated on principles of justice and equality.

In contrast, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, although significant in its own right, primarily dealt with a peace agreement between Muslims and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, rather than establishing a framework for coexistence within a multi-religious community. Similarly, the Treaty of Aqabah was focused on the pledge of allegiance from the tribes of Khazraj and Aws to support Muhammad, but it did not address the broader context of coexistence within Madina itself. Thus, the Constitution of Madina remains a crucial historical document that exemplifies the principles of coexistence and cooperation among diverse faiths in the early Islamic community.