In which year of Hijrah did Hazrat Umar (R.A.) establish a regular military institution?

Hazrat Umar ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.), the second Caliph of Islam, is renowned for his exceptional administrative skills and organizational reforms. One of his significant contributions was the establishment of a regular military institution in 18 Hijrah, which marked a major development in the governance and defense of the early Islamic state. Prior to this, military expeditions were organized in a more informal and ad hoc manner, often relying on volunteers from the Muslim community. Hazrat Umar (R.A.) recognized the need for a structured, professional army to protect the rapidly expanding Islamic state, maintain internal security, and respond effectively to external threats.

The establishment of a regular military institution involved setting clear rules for recruitment, training, salaries, and strategic deployment. This system ensured that soldiers were well-prepared, disciplined, and properly compensated for their services. It also facilitated rapid mobilization during battles and helped maintain law and order in newly conquered territories. By organizing the military in this structured manner, Hazrat Umar (R.A.) laid the foundation for one of the most effective and disciplined armies in Islamic history.

In addition to strengthening defense, this reform also had socio-economic benefits. Soldiers received regular stipends from the state treasury (Bait-ul-Mal), which improved their livelihood and allowed them to focus entirely on their duties. Hazrat Umar’s military institution became a model for subsequent Islamic rulers, emphasizing professionalism, accountability, and integration of military and administrative planning.