Which of the following is observed as fasting during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar?

Sawm refers to the Islamic practice of fasting, which is observed during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Fasting during this month is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, making it a fundamental act of worship for every adult Muslim who is physically and mentally able to observe it. The practice of Sawm involves abstaining from food, drink, smoking, sexual activity, and other actions that invalidate the fast, from dawn (Fajr) to sunset (Maghrib) each day of Ramadan.

The primary purpose of Sawm is spiritual purification, self-discipline, and increased consciousness of Allah (Taqwa). By controlling physical desires, Muslims are reminded to focus on prayer, charity, and good conduct. The Quran explicitly commands fasting in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:183), stating: “O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may attain Taqwa.” This highlights the timeless spiritual importance of fasting in Islam.

Ramadan is not only about abstaining from physical needs but also includes avoiding sinful speech, thoughts, and actions. It is a period of reflection, prayer, recitation of the Quran, and increased charity (Zakat and Sadaqah). The fast is broken each day with Iftar, the evening meal, often accompanied by family, community gatherings, and special supplications. The month concludes with Eid-ul-Fitr, celebrating the completion of Ramadan and the spiritual growth achieved through fasting.