Why are radiations harmful to humans?

Radiation refers to the emission of energy in the form of waves or particles. While some types of radiation, like visible light, are harmless and essential for life, certain kinds—such as ionizing radiation—can be harmful to humans. Ionizing radiation includes X-rays, gamma rays, and radioactive particles, which have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions.

The primary reason radiation is harmful is that it can alter body tissues. When radiation passes through living cells, it can damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes, leading to malfunction or cell death. This tissue alteration can manifest in several ways: mutations, burns, cancer, or organ damage. For example, high exposure to X-rays or gamma rays can lead to skin damage and increase the risk of cancer, but the fundamental problem is the destruction or mutation of body tissue at the cellular level.

Other options, like “causes anemia” or “is unstable,” are indirect or incorrect. While radiation can sometimes affect blood-forming cells, anemia is a specific symptom rather than the general reason why radiation is harmful. “Is unstable” is not accurate, because it describes the radioactive source, not its effect on the body.

Radiation’s ability to penetrate tissues and damage DNA makes it a serious concern in medicine, nuclear industries, and environmental safety. Protection measures, like lead shielding, limiting exposure time, and maintaining distance, help reduce harmful effects. Understanding the biological impact of radiation is essential for safety, healthcare, and everyday awareness.

This topic falls under Biology, particularly human physiology and cellular biology, as it explains how external factors like radiation interact with living tissues and affect overall health.