MCQ Detailed View

The human body carefully regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels to provide energy for cells while preventing damage from excessive glucose. The primary control center for this regulation is the Islets of Langerhans, which are clusters of specialized cells located in the pancreas. These islets contain different types of cells, most notably beta cells and alpha cells, which secrete hormones that directly affect blood sugar.

Beta cells produce insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting its uptake into muscle and fat cells and by stimulating the liver to store glucose as glycogen. When blood sugar rises after a meal, insulin secretion increases to bring glucose back to a normal range. Conversely, alpha cells secrete glucagon when blood sugar levels are low. Glucagon signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, ensuring a steady supply of energy.

Other organs, such as the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, play indirect roles in metabolism and hormone regulation, but the direct control of blood sugar is the responsibility of the Islets of Langerhans. Proper functioning of these cells is essential: if insulin production is insufficient, it can lead to diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

The Islets of Langerhans demonstrate how the human body maintains homeostasis, keeping blood glucose within a healthy range despite fluctuations in diet or activity. Their role exemplifies the coordination between hormones, the pancreas, and the liver, which together manage energy supply and prevent metabolic disorders.

Thus, the correct answer is Islets of Langerhans, highlighting their crucial role in glucose regulation and overall metabolism.