Which reforms introduced the separate electorate system for Hindus and Muslims in British India?

The separate electorate system for Hindus and Muslims in British India was introduced by the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. These reforms are officially known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909. They were named after Lord Minto, the then Viceroy of India, and John Morley, the Secretary of State for India.

The purpose of these reforms was to provide limited political representation to Indians while maintaining British control. One of the most significant changes made by these reforms was the introduction of a separate electorate for Muslims. This allowed Muslims to elect their own representatives in legislative councils, separate from Hindu voters.

The introduction of separate electorates was a response to the demand made by the All India Muslim League, which was formed in 1906. Muslim leaders believed that their political rights and cultural identity needed protection in a Hindu-majority India. The British accepted this idea to gain Muslim support and to divide the Indian nationalist movement.

Important facts:
- Reform: Minto-Morley Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909)
- Introduced: Separate electorate for Muslims
- Purpose: Increase Indian representation in councils
- Supported by: Muslim League
- Effect: Strengthened communal representation in politics

The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 (also known as Government of India Act 1919) expanded self-governance but did not introduce the separate electorate. That concept had already been established in 1909.

This topic is important for history, Pakistan Studies, and general knowledge exams, especially for understanding the roots of communal politics in the subcontinent.