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Beta particles are one of the three main types of radiation emitted during the radioactive decay of unstable atomic nuclei, the other two being alpha particles and gamma rays. Beta particles are high-energy, fast-moving electrons or positrons that are emitted when a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton, releasing an electron (beta-minus particle) or when a proton converts into a neutron, releasing a positron (beta-plus particle).
Key characteristics of beta particles:
Nature: They are electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺) with a very small mass and negative or positive electric charge.
Speed: They travel at high velocities, often close to the speed of light, due to the large amount of energy released during nuclear decay.
Penetrating power: Beta particles can pass through paper but are usually stopped by materials like aluminum sheets or thick plastic.
Source: Emitted from radioactive elements such as carbon-14, strontium-90, and phosphorus-32 during nuclear reactions or natural radioactive decay.
Other given options are incorrect:
Protons: Heavier positively charged particles that do not behave like beta radiation.
Neutrons: Neutral particles emitted only in certain types of nuclear reactions, not classified as beta particles.
None: Incorrect because beta particles are clearly identified as electrons (or positrons).
Beta radiation is widely used in medical treatments, tracers in biological research, and industrial applications, but excessive exposure can damage living tissues, hence proper shielding and safety measures are essential.
Thus, the correct answer is Electrons, as beta particles are fast-moving electrons or positrons emitted during radioactive decay.
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