Which substance causes biomagnification in the ecosystem?

Biomagnification is the process by which certain toxic substances accumulate in living organisms and become more concentrated as they move up the food chain. One of the most well-known substances that causes biomagnification is mercury, a heavy metal commonly released into the environment from industrial processes, mining, and coal burning.

When mercury enters water bodies, it is transformed by microorganisms into methylmercury, a highly toxic organic compound. Small aquatic organisms, such as plankton, absorb methylmercury from the water. Fish and larger aquatic animals that feed on these organisms accumulate higher concentrations of mercury in their tissues over time. Predatory fish, such as tuna and swordfish, have the highest levels due to repeated consumption of contaminated prey, which is why humans are advised to limit consumption of these species.

Mercury biomagnification poses serious risks to ecosystem health and human health. In animals, it can damage the nervous system, reproductive system, and immune system. In humans, exposure to mercury through contaminated fish can cause neurological disorders, developmental problems in children, and cardiovascular issues. Unlike mercury, metals like lead, chromium, or copper may accumulate locally but are less significant in causing biomagnification in aquatic food chains.

Understanding biomagnification emphasizes the importance of environmental monitoring, pollution control, and safe industrial practices. Controlling mercury emissions and preventing its release into water bodies are crucial steps in protecting ecosystems and human populations from its harmful effects.

Thus, the correct answer is Mercury, highlighting its role as a toxic substance that accumulates and magnifies through the food chain, affecting both wildlife and humans.