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The Uncertainty Principle was formulated by German physicist Werner Heisenberg in 1927. It is one of the fundamental ideas of quantum mechanics, the branch of physics that studies the behavior of very small particles such as electrons and photons.

According to the Uncertainty Principle, it is not possible to determine both the exact position and exact momentum of a particle at the same time. If we try to measure a particle’s position very precisely, its momentum becomes uncertain, and if we measure its momentum precisely, its position becomes uncertain. This is not due to limitations of measuring instruments but rather a fundamental property of nature.

Mathematically, the principle is expressed as:
Δx · Δp ≥ ħ / 2
Here, Δx represents the uncertainty in position, Δp represents the uncertainty in momentum, and ħ (h-bar) is the reduced Planck’s constant.

The Uncertainty Principle challenged classical physics, where scientists believed that with enough precision, everything about a system could be known. Heisenberg’s work showed that at the quantum level, nature behaves differently and absolute certainty is impossible. Instead, outcomes can only be predicted in terms of probabilities.

This principle has deep implications for modern physics. It explains why electrons cannot be pinpointed within an atom but instead exist in regions called orbitals. It also influences fields such as quantum chemistry, particle physics, and even technologies like electron microscopy and quantum computing.

Other names in the options are unrelated: Michael Faraday contributed to electromagnetism, while John Locke was a philosopher, not a physicist. Therefore, the correct answer is Werner Heisenberg, the pioneer of the Uncertainty Principle.