Who first introduced the M.K.S. system of units?

The M.K.S. system of units stands for Meter–Kilogram–Second, representing the fundamental physical quantities of length, mass, and time. It was first proposed by Giovanni Giorgi, an Italian engineer and physicist, in 1901. Giorgi’s work was instrumental in establishing a coherent and unified measurement system that later evolved into the International System of Units (SI).

Before Giorgi’s proposal, several measurement systems were in use, including:

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  C.G.S. system (centimeter–gram–second), mainly used for scientific research.

  
  


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  F.P.S. system (foot–pound–second), used in English-speaking countries.

  
  

However, these systems often caused confusion due to differences in base units and derived quantities. Giorgi suggested that by adopting the meter, kilogram, and second as the fundamental units, along with one electrical unit (like the ampere), a unified and practical system could be developed. His proposal provided a bridge between mechanical and electrical measurements, allowing all physical quantities to be expressed consistently.

The M.K.S. system laid the foundation for the S.I. system (Système International d'Unités), which was officially adopted in 1960. The SI system added additional base units such as:

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  Ampere (A) for electric current

  
  


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  Kelvin (K) for temperature

  
  


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  Mole (mol) for amount of substance

  
  


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  Candela (cd) for luminous intensity

  
  

Giorgi’s contribution simplified scientific communication and international trade by standardizing measurements worldwide. His concept demonstrated the importance of a coherent system of units, where derived units (like Newton, Joule, and Pascal) are directly linked to the fundamental M.K.S. units.

In summary, Giovanni Giorgi introduced the M.K.S. system of units, which became the cornerstone of modern physics and engineering, leading to the universally accepted SI system used across science, technology, and daily life.