What is the Capital of Afghanistan?

The correct answer is Kabul.

Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, serving as the country's political, economic, and cultural center for centuries. Located in the eastern part of the country, it is situated high in a narrow valley between the Hindu Kush mountains, sitting at an elevation of approximately 1,790 meters (5,870 feet) above sea level. This makes it one of the highest capital cities in the world.

Strategic Geography and Trade

Kabul’s location is historically significant. It lies along the ancient Silk Road, the trade route that once connected the markets of Central and South Asia with the Middle East and Europe. Because it commands the main passes through the Hindu Kush, it has always been a strategic "gateway" for conquerors and traders moving between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.

The Kabul River flows through the heart of the city, providing a vital water source in an otherwise arid region. The city is surrounded by rugged peaks, which have historically acted as natural fortifications but also present challenges for modern urban expansion and infrastructure.

A Long and Diverse History

Kabul has a history dating back over 3,500 years. It was mentioned in the ancient Rig Veda and was a significant center for Zoroastrianism and later Buddhism. In the 16th century, Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, made Kabul his capital before moving on to conquer northern India. He loved the city so much that he requested to be buried there; his tomb remains a major landmark in the Gardens of Babur (Bagh-e Babur).

In 1776, Timur Shah Durrani moved the capital of the Afghan Empire from Kandahar to Kabul, primarily because of its more central location and more temperate climate. Since then, it has remained the heart of the Afghan state.

Political and Economic Importance

As the seat of government, Kabul houses the Arg (the Presidential Palace), the various national ministries, and the National Assembly. It is also the hub of the country's education system, home to Kabul University, the oldest and most prestigious institution of higher learning in Afghanistan.

Economically, the city is the primary center for the country's trade in dried fruit, nuts, Afghan rugs, and sheepskin products. While decades of conflict have damaged much of the city's infrastructure, Kabul remains a resilient urban center that has seen massive population growth in the 21st century as people from rural provinces moved to the capital in search of security and employment.

Cultural Landmarks

Despite the scars of war, Kabul retains several cultural treasures. The National Museum of Afghanistan, located in the city, once held one of the most important collections of Central Asian artifacts in the world. Other notable sites include the Darul Aman Palace, which has recently undergone significant restoration, and the vibrant bird markets of the Old City (Ka Faroshi), which offer a glimpse into the traditional daily life of "Kabulis."

Understanding that Kabul is the capital—and not Kandahar (the former capital) or Jalalabad—is a fundamental piece of geographical knowledge for anyone following Central Asian history or current international affairs.