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Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (R.A), the second Caliph of Islam, ruled for 10 years from 634 CE to 644 CE (13 AH to 23 AH) after the demise of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (R.A). His caliphate is regarded as one of the most glorious and transformative periods in Islamic history.
Known for his justice, discipline, and administrative genius, Hazrat Umar (R.A) laid the foundation of an Islamic state system that became a model for later generations. His rule was marked by major conquests, social reforms, and the establishment of governance based on Islamic principles.
Under his leadership, the Islamic empire expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Cities such as Damascus, Jerusalem, and Alexandria came under Muslim rule during his time. Despite this expansion, Hazrat Umar (R.A) maintained a strong sense of justice and accountability.
Some of his notable achievements include:
Establishing the Bait-ul-Mal (public treasury).
Introducing the Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar).
Setting up courts, judges (Qazis), and police systems.
Building canals, roads, and infrastructure for the welfare of people.
Ensuring religious tolerance for non-Muslims living under Islamic rule.
Hazrat Umar (R.A) was known as Al-Farooq, meaning "the one who distinguishes between right and wrong." His firm yet fair approach made him highly respected by both Muslims and non-Muslims.
In 644 CE (23 AH), Hazrat Umar (R.A) was martyred while leading the Fajr prayer in Madinah by a Persian slave named Abu Lu’lu Feroz. His caliphate left behind a legacy of governance, justice, and reforms that are still studied and admired today.
Key Facts:
Caliphate Duration: 10 years (634–644 CE)
Title: Al-Farooq
Major reforms: Treasury, judiciary, Hijri calendar
Expanded Islamic empire into Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
Martyred in 644 CE during Fajr prayer
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