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Cleisthenes, a prominent statesman of ancient Athens, holds the title of “Father of Athenian Democracy” because of his groundbreaking political reforms around 508–507 BCE. At that time, Athens was undergoing political turmoil, with power concentrated in the hands of aristocrats and strongmen like Peisistratos and his sons. Cleisthenes sought to shift political power from the elite to the citizens.

His reforms reorganized the political structure of Athens. Instead of basing political power on traditional tribal and family affiliations, he divided the Athenian population into ten new tribes, each composed of people from different regions (urban, coastal, and inland). This reduced the influence of local aristocratic families and promoted unity among citizens.

One of his most notable reforms was the creation of the Council of 500 (Boule), where members were chosen by lot from each tribe. This council was responsible for setting the political agenda and preparing matters for discussion in the larger citizen assembly (Ekklesia). The selection by lot was significant because it minimized corruption and ensured a more equal representation of ordinary citizens.

Cleisthenes also introduced the practice of ostracism, where citizens could vote to exile a potentially dangerous political figure for ten years without confiscating their property. This was a preventive measure against tyranny.

These reforms did not create a perfect democracy by modern standards—women, slaves, and non-citizens were excluded from political rights—but they marked a historic shift towards citizen participation in governance. The principles of equality before the law and participation in decision-making influenced later democratic systems worldwide.

Historians view Cleisthenes’ reforms as the foundation of Athenian democracy, which reached its height during the leadership of Pericles in the 5th century BCE. His legacy is remembered as a major turning point in the history of political thought.